
Patients who were taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or platelet inhibitors, known to have coagulation disorders, relevant renal or hepatic function impairment, chronic infectious diseases (HIV, hepatitis B and C), or who had contraindications for clopidogrel or morphine, were excluded from the study.

Inclusion criteria for the study were nonpregnant patients aged ≥18 years of age, and able to comprehend the full nature and purpose of the study.

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial was conducted to assess interactions between morphine and clopidogrel, a P2Y 12 receptor antagonist.

Morphine decreases clopidogrel concentrations and effects: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial.2013.
